If([Date]>FirstDayOfWeek(Today()-Days(7)) and
[Date]< LastDayOfWeek(Today()-Days(7)),
true,
false)

Subtract 7 days from today. Take the resulting date (let's call it "one week ago date") and calculate the first day of its week. If that is greater than the value in the Date field and If that date is less than the last day of the week in which "one week ago date" falls, the result is true (checkbox is on) otherwise the result is false (checkbox is off).

You  can create a formula - checkbox type field to hold this formula  or just use the formula within the report (view) builder page. In this case, also select checkbox as the type, then within the Matching Criteria section, specify that <custom column> is yes (type in the word yes).